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Cold war era - CHALLENGE TO BIPOLARITY

CHALLENGE TO BIPOLARITY We have already seen how the Cold War tended to divide the world into two rival alliances. It was in this context that nonalignment offered the newly decolonized countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America a third option-not to join either alliance. The roots of NAM went back to the friendship between three leaders - Yugoslavia's Josip Broz Tito. India's Jawaharlal Nehru, and Egypt's leader Gamal Abdel Nasser - who held a meeting in 1956. Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah strongly supported them. These five leaders came to be known as the five founders of NAM. The first non-aligned summit was held in Belgrade in 1961.  This was the culmination of at least three factors: (1) cooperation among these five countries. (2) growing Cold War tensions and its widening arenas, and (3) the dramatic entry of many newly decolonized African countries into the inter- national arena. By 1960, there were 16 new African members in the UN . The firs...
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LEADERS OF THE SOVIET UNION

LEADERS OF THE SOVIET UNION Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) Founder of the Bolshevik Communist party: leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the founder-head of the USSR during the most difficult period following the revolution (1917-1924): an outstanding theoretician and practitioner of Marxism and a source of inspiration for communists all over the world. LEADERS OF THE SOVIET UNION Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) Successor to Lenin and led the Soviet Union during its consolidation (1924 53): began rapid industrialisation and forcible collectivisation of agriculture, credited with Soviet victory in the Second World War; held responsible for the Great Terror of the 1930s, authoritarian functioning and elimination of rivals within the party. LEADERS OF THE SOVIET UNION Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) Leader of the Soviet Union (1953-64): denounced Stalin's leadership style and introduced some reforms in 1956 suggested "peaceful coexistence with the West: involved in suppressing popu...
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Cold war era - ARMS CONTROL TREATIES

ARMS CONTROL TREATIES LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY (LTBT) Banned nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and und Signed by the US, UK and USSR in Moscow on 5 August 1963. Entered into force on 10 October 1963. NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY (NPT) Allows only the nuclear weapon states to have nuclear we ons and stops others from aquiring them. For the purposes of the NPT a nuclear weapon state is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967. So there are five nuclear weapon states: US, USSR (later Russia), Britain, France and China. Signed in Washington, London, and Moscow on 1 July 1968. Entered into force on 5 March 1970. Extended indefinitely in 1995 STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKSI (SALT-1) The first round of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks began in November 1969. The Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and the US President Richard Nixon signed the following in Moscow on 26 May 1972-0) Treaty on the limi...
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